You're very close, just a few tweaks in the regular expression are missing:
find . -regextype posix-extended -regex '.*\..*[0-9]{4}(0[1-9]|1[0-2])(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])'
Description:
.*\..*[0-9]{4}(0[1-9]|1[0-2])(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])
-
.*
::: any number of characters from the beginning
-
\.
::: a literal point (it has to be escaped with the bar, otherwise it matches any character)
-
.*
::: any number of characters from the point forward
-
[0-9]{4}
::: 4 digits (year)
-
(0[1-9]|1[0-2])
::: a zero followed by 1 to 9, or a 1 followed by 0 to 2 (month)
-
(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])
::: 0 followed by 1 to 9, or 1 or 2 followed by 0 to 9, or a 3 followed by a 0 or 1 (day)
Alternatively, you may not want to complicate yourself with so much validation, and just look for a file ending in 8 digits:
.*[0-9]{8}