problems when inserting in a bd

Your error is here:

ALTER TABLE 'tarjetas'
  ADD CONSTRAINT 'tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK' FOREIGN KEY ('id') 
  REFERENCES 'tipo_tarjeta' ('id');

You are indicating that the column that is foreign key is the id (auto-incremental column of the% table% co_), when the table goes from tarjetas records will start to give you problems, because it would already create orphan records. The relationship must be between the 4 column in the tipo table and the tarjetas column in the id table.

The restriction should then be written like this:

ALTER TABLE 'tarjetas'
  ADD CONSTRAINT 'tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK' FOREIGN KEY ('tipo') 
  REFERENCES 'tipo_tarjeta' ('id');

  

Since the erroneous restriction already exists, it should be deleted from the   following mode:

ALTER TABLE 'tarjetas'
  DROP FOREIGN KEY  'tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK'

     

And then create it again correctly:

ALTER TABLE 'tarjetas'
  ADD CONSTRAINT 'tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK' FOREIGN KEY ('tipo') 
  REFERENCES 'tipo_tarjeta' ('id');

I told you that I tested your code with the following code and it is functional

CREATE TABLE 'tipo_tarjeta' (
  'id' int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  'descripcion' varchar(20) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY ('id')

);

CREATE TABLE 'tarjetas' (
  'id' int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  'uid' varchar(16) NOT NULL,
  'fecha_expedicion' date NOT NULL,
  'fecha_vencimento' date NOT NULL,
  'estado' tinyint(2) NOT NULL,
  'saldo_actual' decimal(12,0) NOT NULL,
  'tipo' int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY ('id'),
  UNIQUE KEY 'numero' ('uid')
);

ALTER TABLE 'tarjetas'
  ADD CONSTRAINT 'tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK' FOREIGN KEY ('id') 
  REFERENCES 'tipo_tarjeta' ('id');

INSERT INTO 'tipo_tarjeta' ('id', 'descripcion') VALUES
(1, 'Regular'),
(2, 'Estudiante'),
(3, 'Discapacitado'),
(4, 'Adulto Mayor');

INSERT INTO 'tarjetas' 
('id', 'uid', 'fecha_expedicion', 'fecha_vencimento', 'estado', 'saldo_actual', 'tipo') 
VALUES
(NULL, 'AE3D6C9A', '2017-08-09', '2018-08-09', 0, 50000, 1),
(NULL, '7E5B6C9A', '2017-08-09', '2018-08-09', 1, 350000, 1),
(NULL, "0EEE6B9A", "2017-08-09", "2018-08-09", "1", 0, 1);

  

What I see as a problem is that you try to add a FK to a table   that does not yet exist; that is, you want to add the fk    tarjetas_tipo_tarjeta_FK to the table cards you are declaring   first, but that fk REFER to the table type_card that just   at that moment it does not exist.

     

That is, tables that do not have foreign keys go first in your   statement of your BD and the tables that have foreign keys go just   after