You can do it with tags .
When creating the tree
element, you define certain tags associating each of the presentation options (background color, foreground, etc.). So:
self.tree = ttk.Treeview(self)
self.tree.tag_configure('cero', background='green')
self.tree.tag_configure('uno', background='orange')
self.tree.tag_configure('dos', background='red')
Then, when you insert the elements in that tree you put the appropriate label:
etiquetas = {0: "cero", 1: "uno", 2: "dos"}
for dato in ...:
tag = etiquetas.get(dato)
self.tree.insert(parent, 'end', text=str(dato), tags=(tag,))